← Octo-TIGER / All test problemsThin positive-opacity closure comparison

Streaming wave

The same periodic sinusoidal energy used by the M1 wave evolves with gradient-driven FLD flux. FLD has no independently prescribed beam direction.

FLD method scope. Grey radiation at physical light speed on CPU, backward-Euler diffusion/material exchange, and the Levermore–Pomraning limiter. Moving cases include first-order gas transport, radiation force/work, and a derived lab-frame flux with radiation enthalpy advection. Where supplied, analytic diffusion-limit references omit nonlinear-limiter and boundary-model effects. Thin streaming cases have no supplied analytic spatial FLD profile and use exact energy integrals instead. Paired M1 RK1 and FLD timings use different stability limits and do not establish performance at matched error.

The experiment

Physical setup

The periodic cube starts with the exact cell averages of E = 1 + ½ cos(2πm·x/L), with m = (2, −3, 1). The domain, initial energy, recorded scattering extinction, and absence of emission match the M1 streaming-wave problem. Gas dynamics and gravity are disabled.

M1 initializes a directed streaming flux. FLD instead derives its flux from the energy gradient. At zero extinction and nonzero gradient, the Levermore–Pomraning vacuum limit is F = −cE ∇E/|∇E|. The new thin runs use explicit positive extinction with optical depth χL = 10−4, giving finite D at flat positive-energy regions. Legacy zero-opacity runs retain their saved settings. A spatially varying periodic field therefore has oppositely directed fluxes on opposite slopes; it cannot preserve M1's single beam direction.

The standard runner uses a uniform cubic grid with hydrodynamics and gravity disabled. Its CGS box spans −3 × 10¹⁰ to +3 × 10¹⁰ cm on each axis, with c = 2.99792458 × 10¹⁰ cm/s and default final time 4 s. Opt-in adaptive runs are identified below; N = INX × 2level then describes their configured finest equivalent resolution. Each completed run below lists its recorded parameters.

The comparison

Comparison and interpretation

No analytic spatial solution of this nonlinear thin-opacity FLD problem is supplied. The translated M1 sinusoid or top-hat solves zero-opacity directed M1 transport; it is only a limit reference at positive opacity and does not solve the FLD closure. A constant-diffusion heat solution is not substituted. Accordingly, FLD exports numerical profiles without analytic-reference or error columns.

An exact integral reference follows from the energy equation and periodic boundaries:

d/dt ∫VE dV = −∮∂VF·dA = 0

The exact initial and conserved mean is ⟨E⟩ = 1, so the total radiation energy is L³.

What this test measures

The report compares the complete recorded energy history with that exact integral and checks E ≥ 0 and |F| ≤ cE on the exported slice. These necessary checks do not validate the spatial profile. Resolution and timestep studies measure numerical sensitivity; paired M1/FLD curves measure closure differences, not analytic errors. FLD does not evolve or conserve independent flux moments, so M1 momentum-ledger tests do not apply.

Measured results

All resolutions

LevelGridBatch status
232³Ready

No analytic spatial FLD solution is supplied for this vacuum problem. The translated M1 solution is not an FLD reference. Exact total-energy conservation and physical flux bounds are reported instead; no analytic-profile errors or convergence orders are inferred.

FLD backward Euler · 32³ cells

Central cell layer at z=dx/2; ray at y=z=dx/2.

FLD backward Euler with the Levermore-Pomraning limiter; stationary material and physical c = 29979245800 cm/s. Radiation flux is derived from the radiation-energy gradient; it is a diagnostic, not an evolved momentum variable. No independent analytic or digitized FLD reference profile is supplied. M1 versus FLD differences compare distinct radiation models and are not analytic-reference errors.

Recorded setup and run provenance
OriginOcto-TIGER application
DomainCube of side 6.000000e+10 cm; centered at the origin
Resolution32³ cells; finest Δx = 1.875000e+09 cm
Final comparison time2.000000e-01 s
Radiation modelFLD
Radiation integrationFLD backward Euler (first order in time)
Flux semanticsDerived FLD flux: F = -D grad E
Analytic referenceNo analytic spatial FLD solution supplied; exact periodic energy integral checked separately
Reference norm scopeNo analytic-profile norms or convergence orders
Radiation backendcpu
Physical light speed2.997925e+10 cm/s
Reduced-speed factor α1.000000e+00
Radiation transport speed2.997925e+10 cm/s
Periodic boundarieson
Hydrodynamicsoff
Gravityoff
Implicit radiation sourceon
Uniform gridon
CFL0.4
Timestep cap0.001 s
Output interval0.0016666666666666668 s
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  "reference_exact_for_solver": false,
  "reference_kind": "unavailable",
  "reference_model": "none",
  "reference_sampling": "none",
  "status": "complete",
  "streaming_opacity": 1.6666666666666668e-15,
  "streaming_optical_depth": 0.0001,
  "time": 0.2,
  "transport_c": 29979245800.0,
  "units": {
    "chi": "1/cm",
    "energy_density": "erg/cm^3",
    "flux": "erg/(cm^2 s)",
    "length": "cm",
    "luminosity": "erg/s",
    "mass": "g",
    "source": "erg/(cm^3 s)",
    "system": "CGS",
    "time": "s"
  },
  "validation_scope": "Thin positive-opacity FLD closure comparison from the same initial energy as M1. FLD derives flux down the energy gradient and does not obey the M1 unidirectional translation solution. No analytic FLD profile or profile-error norm is claimed; use periodic energy conservation, positivity and the flux bound."
}
Numerical FLD radiation energy. Central cell layer at z=dx/2; ray at y=z=dx/2.
Numerical FLD radiation energy. Central cell layer at z=dx/2; ray at y=z=dx/2. · PDF
Numerical radiation energy and derived FLD flux. No analytic spatial reference is supplied.
Numerical radiation energy and derived FLD flux. No analytic spatial reference is supplied. · PDF
Derived FLD flux maps
Derived FLD fx: numerical gradient-driven flux.
Derived FLD fx: numerical gradient-driven flux. · PDF
Derived FLD fy: numerical gradient-driven flux.
Derived FLD fy: numerical gradient-driven flux. · PDF
Derived FLD fz: numerical gradient-driven flux.
Derived FLD fz: numerical gradient-driven flux. · PDF

Accepted implicit solves

Accepted steps: 200; substeps: 201; timestep retries: 1; maximum nonlinear residual: 9.732015e-11; maximum absolute coupled energy error per accepted step: 1.278152e+16.

Analytic integral and physical bounds

For this source-free periodic problem the exact mean radiation energy is 1.000000e+00. The maximum relative deviation of the recorded full-volume radiation energy from that exact integral is 1.668000e-16. This checks an integral invariant, not the spatial solution.

On the exported projected slice, minimum E = 1.000000e+00; maximum |F|/(cE) = 1.736282e-09. The expected bounds are E ≥ 0 and |F|/(cE) ≤ 1. These are slice checks, not full-volume extrema.

Radiation energy conservation

All values below are dimensionless fractions of the fixed normalization scale at t_ref = 0 s.

FieldScaleQ(t_ref)/scaleQ(t)/scaleBoundary B/scaleSource S/scaleResidual R/scaleMaximum |R|/scale
er|Q(t_ref)|1.000000e+001.000000e+000.000000e+000.000000e+00-1.668000e-161.668000e-16
Radiation energy after signed boundary transport, material exchange, and any prescribed source. Flux moments are not conserved variables in FLD.
Radiation energy after signed boundary transport, material exchange, and any prescribed source. Flux moments are not conserved variables in FLD. · PDF

Saved-state movie

Streaming Wave · L2 · FLD backward Euler

121 stored states; 121 shown. Physical time: 0–0.2 s. Playback: 60 s.

Zero-order hold; no solution interpolation. Playback holds each saved numerical state over its time interval and includes endpoint holds.

All 121 snapshot times

Snapshot times: 0, 0.002, 0.004, 0.005, 0.007, 0.009, 0.01, 0.012, 0.014, 0.015, 0.017, 0.019, 0.02, 0.022, 0.024, 0.025, 0.027, 0.029, 0.03, 0.032, 0.034, 0.035, 0.037, 0.039, 0.04, 0.042, 0.044, 0.045, 0.047, 0.049, 0.05, 0.052, 0.054, 0.055, 0.057, 0.059, 0.06, 0.062, 0.064, 0.065, 0.067, 0.069, 0.07, 0.072, 0.074, 0.075, 0.077, 0.079, 0.08, 0.082, 0.084, 0.085, 0.087, 0.089, 0.09, 0.092, 0.094, 0.095, 0.097, 0.099, 0.1, 0.102, 0.104, 0.105, 0.107, 0.109, 0.11, 0.112, 0.114, 0.115, 0.117, 0.119, 0.12, 0.122, 0.124, 0.125, 0.127, 0.129, 0.13, 0.132, 0.134, 0.135, 0.137, 0.139, 0.14, 0.142, 0.144, 0.145, 0.147, 0.149, 0.15, 0.152, 0.154, 0.155, 0.157, 0.159, 0.16, 0.162, 0.164, 0.165, 0.167, 0.169, 0.17, 0.172, 0.174, 0.175, 0.177, 0.179, 0.18, 0.182, 0.184, 0.185, 0.187, 0.189, 0.19, 0.192, 0.194, 0.195, 0.197, 0.199, 0.2 s.

Arrows show derived FLD diagnostic flux -D grad(E); radiation momentum is not evolved. Arrows have equal length and show direction only.

Movies show saved numerical states. No nonlinear FLD spatial analytic reference is supplied for this benchmark; the M1 streaming profile is not an FLD reference. The final-time report includes exact invariant checks.

Central z=0+ radiation energy slice with faint cell mesh and equal-length flux direction arrows. Arrows show derived FLD diagnostic flux -D grad(E); radiation momentum is not evolved. Fixed color limits; actual stored Silo times held without solution interpolation. Movies show saved numerical states. No nonlinear FLD spatial analytic reference is supplied for this benchmark; the M1 streaming profile is not an FLD reference. The final-time report includes exact invariant checks. The maps show the full simulation domain without cropping.

Download MP4 · Rendering and timing metadata · Full run report

All campaign movies

Data and reproducibility

Momentum plots are omitted for this fixed-material problem. The prescribed medium acts as an external momentum reservoir, so radiation momentum exchange does not imply that a compensating gas momentum was evolved.

Reading FLD diagnostics

Gaussian, sphere, and Marshak profiles include analytic linear diffusion-limit references; Marshak also includes material energy. Those references omit the nonlinear limiter, and Marshak assumes a semi-infinite domain. Slice discrepancies combine these model differences with discretization and reference-evaluation errors. Thin positive-opacity wave/front cases instead have numerical-only profiles and exact periodic energy-integral checks. Numerical flux is derived as F = −D∇E and satisfies |F| ≤ cE; it is not an evolved M1 momentum variable.

The radiation energy ledger checks R = E(t) − E(t_ref) + B − S, with outward boundary energy B and radiation sources S, including material exchange and any prescribed emitter. Its fixed normalization is initial radiation energy, or bath energy times domain volume for cold Marshak heating. Coupled gas-plus-radiation errors per accepted implicit step are recorded separately in the solver diagnostics.

Nonlinear residuals, substeps, and retries are measured solver diagnostics. The short pilot checks the implementation and reporting pipeline; comparison of models is distinct from an accuracy benchmark or speedup at matched error.

Sources & provenance

Where this problem comes from

The shared initial energy comes from streamingWave or streamingFront in octotiger/test_problems/radiation/profiles.hpp. The vacuum flux follows directly from the large-R limit λ(R)R → 1 of the implemented limiter. The integrated-energy reference follows from the divergence theorem and periodic boundaries.

Levermore & Pomraning (1981), “A flux-limited diffusion theory,” ApJ 248, 321–334, derives flux-limited diffusion and its classical diffusion limit. Saved reference metadata records whether an analytic profile is supplied and distinguishes its equations from the nonlinear limiter evolved by this solver.

Radiation method context

M1 RK1 evolves radiation energy and flux moments with the retained first-order radiation update. FLD uses backward-Euler radiation diffusion/material exchange with the Levermore–Pomraning limiter. Moving cases add first-order conservative gas transport and radiation force/work; their reconstructed lab-frame flux includes (E I+P) v as well as −D∇E. The scalar implicit transport solve uses composite-grid multigrid and an iterative linear solver. Both time integrators are first order.

The suite includes Gaussian scattering, Marshak heating, a Gaussian emitter, explicit thin positive-opacity wave/front comparisons, and moving-gas shock/blast problems on CPU at physical light speed. A configured case does not establish that a solve converged; only validated completed runs appear as results. Flux diagnostics in FLD have no separate M1 momentum conservation test. A difference between paired M1 and FLD solutions is a model comparison, not an analytic error. ADER2 has been removed from the current solver; historical result files retain their original provenance.

Skinner & Ostriker (2013) and Hanawa & Audit (2014) provide context for the M1 equations. The implementation and saved executable/source hashes identify the actual numerical methods used in this batch.

Reproducing this batch

Descriptions document the reviewed source implementation. Older or edited solver versions can use different profile constants or averaging rules; these are not all encoded in run.ini. Use the run metadata, executable hash, and saved batch source hashes to identify the implementation behind a result. A source path or descriptive formula alone is not proof of the executable's contents.